Warcraft 3 maps virus infection




















A damaging effect, called Corrupted Blood, ravaged thousands of players, and left lower-leveled characters in an unavoidable death loop. The effect, known as a debuff, was a temporary condition, but one that could spread to other players if they stood close enough to one another, just like a real virus. A week after the outbreak, it forced Blizzard to restart every WoW server to stop the problem from spreading out of control.

The infection originated from Hakkar the Soulflayer — the boss of the first player raid Blizzard released. Hakkar would cast Corrupted Blood on players, and it would damage them for about 10 seconds. Players would spread the effect to others if they got too close to those infected. After the 10 seconds were done, or players finished the boss battle, the damaging effect was supposed to end. A programming oversight allowed the debuff to spread beyond the site of the Hakkar boss fight and into the world at large.

Hunter characters can summon and dismiss pets to fight at their side at will. In effect, the pets would contract Corrupted Blood during the boss fight, disappear and then exhibit the symptoms again elsewhere in the world map when they were again summoned. Okamoto, H. Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus.

Virus Res. Rein, D. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in Hepatology 55 , — Viswanathan, R. Indian J. This paper describes the first and largest outbreak of HEV infection, which led to many deaths. Naik, S. A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India. World Health Organ. Khuroo, M.

Chronic liver disease after non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 2 , — Teshale, E. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Thompson, K.

MMWR Morb. Wkly Rep. Hepatitis E: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread. Somani, S. A serological study of intrafamilial spread from patients with sporadic hepatitis E virus infection. Viral Hepat. Hepatitis E virus and person-to-person transmission. Nishiura, H. Household data from the Ugandan hepatitis E virus outbreak indicate the dominance of community infection.

Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus HEV infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers.

Hepatitis E virus infection may be transmitted through blood transfusions in an endemic area. Arankalle, V. Retrospective analysis of blood transfusion recipients: evidence for post-transfusion hepatitis E. Vox Sang. Infectious hepatitis in Delhi — : a critical study — epidemiology. World Health Organization. Waterborne outbreaks of hepatitis E: recognition, investigation and control.

Technical report WHO, Fix, A. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E in two rural Egyptian communities. Stoszek, S. High prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in pregnant Egyptian women.

Dai, X. Hepatitis E virus genotype 4, Nanjing, China, — Inagaki, Y. A nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus infection and chronic hepatitis E in liver transplant recipients in Japan. EBioMedicine 2 , — Minagi, T. Hepatitis E virus in donor plasma collected in Japan. Pischke, S. High clinical manifestation rate in an imported outbreak of hepatitis E genotype 1 infection in a German group of travellers returning from India. Van Cauteren, D.

Estimated annual numbers of foodborne pathogen-associated illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths, France, — This recent and well-documented study shows that hepatitis E has become the leading cause of viral hepatitis in France and is responsible for a large number of hospitalizations and death. Hewitt, P. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England. This paper is one of the first studies that clearly assessed the prevalence of HEV RNA among blood donors; it described blood component-induced HEV transmission that leads to chronic hepatitis in immunosuppressed patients.

Faber, M. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among adults Germany. Aspinall, E. Hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: surveillance and descriptive epidemiology of confirmed cases to Eurosurveillance 22 29 Doting, M.

The added value of hepatitis E diagnostics in determining causes of hepatitis in routine diagnostic settings in the Netherlands. Wenzel, J. Decline in hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence in southeastern Germany, — Hepatology 60 , — Kuniholm, M. Ditah, I.

Roth, N. Nelson, K. The epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in developed countries and among immunocompromised patients. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Acute and chronic hepatitis E virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected U. Hepatology 63 , — Chapuy-Regaud, S. Characterization of the lipid envelope of exosome encapsulated HEV particles protected from the immune response.

Biochimie , 70—79 Koonin, E. Computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses.

Natl Acad. USA 89 , — Lhomme, S. Influence of polyproline region and macro domain genetic heterogeneity on HEV persistence in immunocompromised patients. Shukla, P. Cross-species infections of cultured cells by hepatitis E virus and discovery of an infectious virus-host recombinant. USA , — Johne, R. An ORF1-rearranged hepatitis E virus derived from a chronically infected patient efficiently replicates in cell culture.

Nair, V. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced synthesis of a novel viral factor mediates efficient replication of genotype-1 hepatitis E virus. PLoS Pathog. Zafrullah, M. Mutational analysis of glycosylation, membrane translocation, and cell surface expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein. Guu, T. Structure of the hepatitis E virus-like particle suggests mechanisms for virus assembly and receptor binding. Yamashita, T. Biological and immunological characteristics of hepatitis E virus-like particles based on the crystal structure.

Xing, L. Structure of hepatitis E virion-sized particle reveals an RNA-dependent viral assembly pathway. Tang, X. Structural basis for the neutralization and genotype specificity of hepatitis E virus. Spatial configuration of hepatitis E virus antigenic domain. HEV quasispecies and the outcome of acute hepatitis E in solid-organ transplant patients. Tyagi, S.

The phosphorylated form of the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus interacts with its non-glycosylated form of the major capsid protein, ORF2. Emerson, S. Release of genotype 1 hepatitis E virus from cultured hepatoma and polarized intestinal cells depends on open reading frame 3 protein and requires an intact PXXP motif. Nagashima, S. Purdy, M. Evolutionary history and population dynamics of hepatitis E virus. Brayne, A. Genotype-specific evolution of Hepatitis E Virus.

Purcell, R. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. Pathobiology of hepatitis E: lessons learned from primate models. Microbes Infect. Meng, X. La Rosa, G. Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in sewage samples. A nationwide survey of hepatitis E viral infection in French blood donors.

Doceul, V. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus: classification, animal reservoirs and transmission routes. Viruses 8 , Schlosser, J. Natural and experimental hepatitis E virus genotype 3-infection in European wild boar is transmissible to domestic pigs. Izopet, J. Hepatitis E virus strains in rabbits and evidence of a closely related strain in humans, france.

Yan, B. Casas, M. Longitudinal study of hepatitis E virus infection in Spanish farrow-to-finish swine herds. Salines, M. From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus HEV within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review. Colson, P. Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. Renou, C. Foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus from raw pork liver sausage, France. Riveiro-Barciela, M.

Phylogenetic demonstration of hepatitis E infection transmitted by pork meat ingestion. Huang, F. Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis. Hepatology 64 , — Lange, H. Hepatitis E in Norway: seroprevalence in humans and swine. Hepatitis E associated with surgical training on pigs. Lancet , Perez-Gracia, M.

Autochthonous hepatitis E infection in a slaughterhouse worker. Possible zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E from pet pig to its owner. Chaussade, H. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence and risk factors for individuals in working contact with animals.

Di Bartolo, I. Nantel-Fortier, N. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the hepatitis E virus in a Canadian swine production network.

Food Environ. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among the general population in a livestock-dense area in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional population-based serological survey. BMC Infect. Cossaboom, C. Complete genome sequence of hepatitis E virus from rabbits in the United States. Wildlife reservoir for hepatitis E virus, Southwestern France.

Abravanel, F. Rabbit hepatitis E virus infections in humans, France. Liu, P. Transmission of hepatitis E virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques. Cross-species infection of pigs with a novel rabbit, but not rat, strain of hepatitis E virus isolated in the United States.

Lee, G. Chronic infection with camelid hepatitis E virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes camel meat and milk. Gastroenterology , — Li, T. Generation of hepatitis E virus-like particles of two new genotypes G5 and G6 and comparison of antigenic properties with those of known genotypes. Grodzki, M. Bioaccumulation efficiency, tissue distribution, and environmental occurrence of hepatitis E virus in bivalve shellfish from France.

Crossan, C. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in shellfish, United Kingdom. Said, B. Hepatitis E outbreak on cruise ship. Tedder, R. Hepatitis E risks: pigs or blood-that is the question.

Transfusion 57 , — Zhang, L. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among blood donors in mainland China: a meta-analysis. Satake, M.

Unique clinical courses of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in patients with immunosuppression. Baylis, S. Unusual serological response to hepatitis E virus in plasma donors consistent with re-infection. Suneetha, P. Conventional and innate lymphocytes response at the acute phase of HEV infection in transplanted patients. Cao, D. Pig model mimicking chronic hepatitis E virus infection in immunocompromised patients to assess immune correlates during chronicity.

Bouwknegt, M. The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation. BMC Vet. Duration of viraemia and faecal viral excretion in acute hepatitis E. Williams, T. Evidence of extrahepatic sites of replication of the hepatitis E virus in a swine model. Geng, Y. Detection and assessment of infectivity of hepatitis E virus in urine. Drave, S.

Extra-hepatic replication and infection of hepatitis E virus in neuronal-derived cells. Bose, P. Evidence of extrahepatic replication of hepatitis E virus in human placenta. Zhang, J. Protection against hepatitis E virus infection by naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. Diagnosis of hepatitis E. Wen, G. A valuable antigen detection method for diagnosis of acute hepatitis E. Huang, S. Profile of acute infectious markers in sporadic hepatitis E.

Norder, H. Diagnostic performance of five assays for anti-hepatitis E virus IgG and IgM in a large cohort study. Performance of anti-HEV assays for diagnosis acute hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients. Legrand-Abravanel, F. Good performance of immunoglobulin M assays in diagnosing genotype 3 hepatitis E virus infections. Vaccine Immunol.

Bendall, R. This study is the first to show discrepancies between HEV serological assays. Hepatitis E virus reinfections in solid-organ-transplant recipients can evolve into chronic infections. Performance of two commercial assays for detecting hepatitis E virus RNA in acute or chronic infections.

Genotype 3 diversity and quantification of hepatitis E virus RNA. Sauleda, S. Transfusion 55 , — Gou, H. Rapid and sensitive detection of type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip. Methods , 86—94 Debing, Y. Hepatitis E virus mutations associated with ribavirin treatment failure result in altered viral fitness and ribavirin sensitivity.

Mutation in the hepatitis E virus polymerase and outcome of ribavirin therapy. Agents Chemother. Tremeaux, P. That should be everything you need to know about how to download and play custom maps in Warcraft 3 Reforged. For more tips and information on the game keep it locked to Twinfinite. Connect with us.

Warcraft 3 Reforged will automatically download custom maps regardless of which you choose. Continue Reading.



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